5 Example of kill command in UNIX and Linux

Kill command in UNIX and Linux is normally used to kill a suspended or hanged process or process group. Though kill is mainly associated with kill operation its mere a signal transporter and can send specified signal to specified process in UNIX or UNIX like systems e.g. Linux, Solaris or FreeBSD. Like in windows when we see a particular process hung the system we go to task-manager find the process and kill it, similarly in UNIX and Linux we first find the process ID (PID) of offending process and then kill it. Though we have killAll command also which doesn't require PID instead it can kill the process with just process name. Kill commands is often a wrapper around kill () system call but some Linux systems also has built-in kill in place. In this article we will see some examples of kill command in UNIX and how we can use kill command to kill the locked process.

This UNIX command tutorial is in continuation of 10 Example of Sort command in UNIX and 10 Example of tar command in UNIX and Linux and 10 Examples of VI editor in UNIX.

Kill command examples in UNIX and Linux

As I said earlier kill sends signals to specified process and it can send all signals specified in . Here we will see some examples of kill command in UNIX and Linux:

1) Kill command to forcefully kill a process in UNIX

kill -9 is used to forcefully terminate a process in Unix. Here is syntax of kill command in UNIX.

ps -ef| grep process_identifier // will give you PID

kill -9 PID

2) Unix kills command to kill multiple processes

With kill command in UNIX you can specify multiple PID at same time and all process will be signaled or if signal is KILL they get killed like below kill command in UNIX

Syntax of kill in UNIX for killing multiple processes:

kill -9 pid1 pid 2

Here is an example of killing multiple processes in UNIX:

trader@asia:/ ps -ef

UID     PID    PPID TTY     STIME COMMAND

trader    5736    5332   1    Nov 14 /usr/bin/bash

trader    5604    5552   0    Nov 16 /usr/bin/bash

trader    3508    4872   2    Nov 17 /usr/bin/bash

trader    6532    5604   0  17:43:19 /usr/bin/man

trader    6352    3420   0  17:43:22 /usr/bin/sh

trader    7432    6352   0  17:43:22 /usr/bin/less

trader    5348    3508   2  17:52:59 /usr/bin/ps

trader@asia:/ kill -9 3420 6352

trader@asia:/ ps -ef

UID     PID    PPID TTY     STIME COMMAND

trader    5736    5332   1    Nov 14 /usr/bin/bash

trader    5604    5552   0    Nov 16 /usr/bin/bash

trader    3508    4872   2    Nov 17 /usr/bin/bash

trader    5040    3508   2  17:53:38 /usr/bin/ps

3) Kill command in UNIX to find Signal name

Kill command can also show you name of Signal if you rung it with option "-l". For example "9" is KILL signal while "3" is QUIT signal.

trader@asia:/ kill -l 3

QUIT

trader@asia:/ kill -l 9

KILL

4) Printing all signals supported by kill in UNIX

You can use kill -l to list down all signals supported by kill command in UNIX as shown in below example:

trader:~ kill -l

1) SIGHUP       2) SIGINT       3) SIGQUIT      4) SIGILL       5) SIGTRAP

6) SIGABRT      7) SIGEMT       8) SIGFPE       9) SIGKILL     10) SIGBUS

11) SIGSEGV     12) SIGSYS      13) SIGPIPE

5) Sending signals using -s option of kill command in UNIX.

Instead of specifying number you can specify name of signal you are sending to other process with kill command option "-s". Here is an example of using Kill command in UNIX with signal code.

trader:~ ps -ef

UID     PID    PPID TTY     STIME COMMAND

trader    5736    5332   1    Nov 14 /usr/bin/bash

trader    3508       1   2    Nov 17 /usr/bin/bash

trader    7528    2352   0  18:00:30 /usr/bin/bash

trader    4424    7528   0  18:05:11 /usr/bin/less

trader     168    7528   0  18:05:15 /usr/bin/ps

[1]+  Stopped                 less -r a

trader:~ kill -s KILL 4424

trader:~ ps -ef

UID     PID    PPID TTY     STIME COMMAND

trader    5736    5332   1    Nov 14 /usr/bin/bash

trader    3508       1   2    Nov 17 /usr/bin/bash

trader    7528    2352   0  18:00:30 /usr/bin/bash

trader    5044    7528   0  18:05:32 /usr/bin/ps

[1]+  Killed                  less -r a

Important point about kill command in UNIX and Linux

To summarize discussion and examples of UNIX kill command, I have outlined some of the important points and things to remember related to kill command in UNIX and Linux. You can quickly refer this point whenever you have some doubt over kill in UNIX.

1) Kill command in UNIX can send signals to any other process in UNIX or Linux.In order to work with those signals corresponding process should understand those signals.

2) You can get full list of signals supported by kill command in unix is by simply doing "man kill" or simply by executing command kill -l.

3) Bash has a built-in kill routine. So you can check that by typing /bin/kill –version

Linux / Unix: Bash Find Matching All Dot Files

A dot-file is generally any file whose name begins with a full stop. In Linux or Unix like operating system it is also called as hidden file. How do I list all dot files in my home directory?

You can use the ls command to list all dot files in your current directory:

ls  .*

Sample outputs:

.bash_history  .bash_profile  .bashrc  .lesshst  .profile  .viminfo

.:
checkfs  checkroot  interfaces interfaces.new scripts  securedata.keyfile

..:
lost+found  root  root.user.only

.aptitude:
cache  config

.keychain:
nas01-csh  nas01-fish  nas01-sh

.ssh:
id_rsa id_rsa.pub  known_hosts

.system_file_bakups:

.vim: 

Another option is to use the find command:

$ find . -name ".*"

Sample outputs:

.
./.bash_history
./.system_file_bakups
./.viminfo
./.bashrc
./.lesshst
./.ssh
./.profile
./.aptitude
./.bash_profile
./.vim
./.vim/.netrwhist
./.keychain  

First update to KDE 4.7 released

The KDE organisation has released the first point update to version 4.7 of the KDE Software Compilation (KDE SC). As expected, this maintenance update to the Linux and Unix desktop contains no new features, but includes a variety of translation updates and bug fixes.
According to the developers, version 4.7.1 of the open source K Desktop Environment (KDE) addresses problems found in, for example, the KDE libraries (kdelibs), the Okular universal document viewer and the Kwin window manager for KDE Plasma Desktops. In the Ark archive manager, a problem that prevented a file name from being suggested when a directory was selected for compression has also been fixed. Users that find bugs in the current version are asked to report them so that they can be fixed in the next update.
Further information about the update can be found in the official release announcement, in the change log and on the KDE 4.7.1 Info Page. Source packages for self-compilation and binary packages for various Linux distributions are available to download from the project's web site. KDE is licensed under a combination of LGPLv2, BSD, MIT and X11 licences for core libraries and the GPLv2 or GPLv3 for applications.

Understanding Unix and Linux File Permissions

Unix-like operating systems (Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, FreeBSD, and others) use the standard POSIX file permission system for user and file security.  It is simple yet powerful, and while there are other more complex options, such as ACL, these basic Unix permissions are sufficient for most web hosting dedicated servers.

In Unix permissions, there are three settings: read, write, and execute, and there are three types of users to which you can apply those settings: user, group, and other.  That’s it.  You now know all of the Unix file permissions.  You can use that simplicity to your advantage to make sure your files are secure.

For most web files (HTML, PHP, etc), you will want file permissions that allow you (user) read and write access but allow only read access for anyone in your user group or people on the web.  The permissions would look like this:

	User	Group	Other
Read	x	x	x
Write	x
Execute

In a file manager or command line list (using the “ls” command), the file will look like this:

-rw-r–r– 1 user group 0 2011-08-04 13:03 test.html
If the file were set to global read, write, and execute (meaning anyone can access and modify it), the file line would look like this:

-rwxrwxrwx 1 user group 0 2011-08-04 13:03 test.html

You can change file permissions from the command line, using the “chmod” command, from within your web-based control panel’s file manager, or within your FTP client.  As a general practice, it is a huge security risk to make anything writable by “other”, as that means visitors to your website could find a file and modify it.  Many third-party scripts require specific permissions for their files, but otherwise, you can leave them at your server’s default setting.

Samba 3.6.0 released

==================================================================
			"Forgiveness is the economy of the heart...
			 Forgiveness saves the expense of anger,
			 the cost of hatred, the waste of spirits."

			 Hannah More
==================================================================


Release Announcements
=====================

This is the first release of Samba 3.6.0.

Major enhancements in Samba 3.6.0 include:


Changed security defaults
-------------------------

Samba 3.6 has adopted a number of improved security defaults that will
impact on existing users of Samba.

 client ntlmv2 auth = yes
 client use spnego principal = no
 send spnego principal = no

The impact of 'client ntlmv2 auth = yes' is that by default we will not
use NTLM authentication as a client.  This applies to the Samba client
tools such as smbclient and winbind, but does not change the separately
released in-kernel CIFS client.  To re-enable the poorer NTLM encryption
set '--option=clientusentlmv2auth=no' on your smbclient command line, or
set 'client ntlmv2 auth = no' in your smb.conf

The impact of 'client use spnego principal = no' is that Samba will
use CIFS/hostname to obtain a kerberos ticket, acting more like
Windows when using Kerberos against a CIFS server in smbclient,
winbind and other Samba client tools.  This will change which servers
we will successfully negotiate kerberos connections to.  This is due
to Samba no longer trusting a server-provided hint which is not
available from Windows 2008 or later.  For correct operation with all
clients, all aliases for a server should be recorded as a as a
servicePrincipalName on the server's record in AD.  (For this reason,
this behavior change and parameter was also made in Samba 3.5.9)

The impact of 'send spnego principal = no' is to match Windows 2008 and
not to send this principal, making existing clients give more consistent
behaviour (more likely to fall back to NTLMSSP) between Samba and
Windows 2008, and between Windows versions that did and no longer use
this insecure hint.


SMB2 support
------------

SMB2 support in 3.6.0 is fully functional (with one omission),
and can be enabled by setting:

max protocol = SMB2

in the [global] section of your smb.conf and re-starting
Samba. All features should work over SMB2 except the modification
of user quotas using the Windows quota management tools.

As this is the first release containing what we consider
to be a fully featured SMB2 protocol, we are not enabling
this by default, but encourage users to enable SMB2 and
test it. Once we have enough confirmation from Samba
users and OEMs that SMB2 support is stable in wide user
testing we will enable SMB2 by default in a future Samba
release.


Internal Winbind passdb changes
-------------------------------

Winbind has been changed to use the internal samr and lsa rpc pipe to get
local user and group information instead of calling passdb functions. The
reason is to use more of our infrastructure and test this infrastructure by
using it. With this approach more code in Winbind is shared.


New Spoolss code
----------------

The spoolss and the old RAP printing code have been completely
overhauled and refactored.

All calls from lanman/printing code has been changed to go through the
spoolss RPC interfaces, this allows us to keep all checks in one place
and avoid special cases in the main printing code.
Printing code has been therefore confined within the spoolss code.

All the printing code, including the spoolss RPC interfaces has been
changed to use the winreg RPC interfaces to store all data.
All data has been migrated from custom, arbitrary TDB files to the
registry interface. This transition allow us to present correct data to
windows client accessing the server registry through the winreg RPC
interfaces to query for printer data. Data is served out from a real
registry implementation and therefore arguably 100% forward compatible.

Migration code from the previous TDB files formats is provided. This
code is automatically invoked the first time the new code is run on the
server. Although manual migration is also available using the 'net
printer migrate' command.

These changes not only make all the spoolss code much more closer to
"the spec", it also greatly improves our internal testing of both
spoolss and winreg interfaces, and reduces overall code duplication.

As part of this work, new tests have been also added to increase
coverage.

This code will also allow, in future, an easy transition to split out
the spooling functions into a separate daemon for those OEMs that do not
need printing functionality in their appliances, reducing the code
footprint.


ID Mapping Changes
------------------

The id mapping configuration has been a source of much grief in the past.
For this release, id mapping has been rewritten yet again with the goal
of making the configuration more simple and more coherent while keeping
the needed flexibility and even adding to the flexibility in some respects.

The major change that implies the configuration simplifications is at
the heart of the id mapping system: The separation of the "idmap alloc
system" that is responsible for the unix id counters in the tdb, tdb2
and ldap idmap backends from the id mapping code itself has been removed.
The sids_to_unixids operation is now atomic and encapsulates (if needed)
the action of allocating a unix id for a mapping that is to be created.
Consequently all idmap alloc configuration parameters have vanished and
it is hence now also not possible any more to specify an idmap alloc
backend different from the idmap backend. Each idmap backend uses its
own idmap unixid creation mechanism transparently.

As a consequence of the id mapping changes, the methods that are used
for storing and deleting id mappings have been removed from the winbindd
API. The "net idmap dump/restore" commands have been rewritten to
not speak through winbindd any more but directly act on the databases.
This is currently available for the tdb and tdb2 backends, the implementation
for ldap still missing.

The allocate_id functionality is preserved for the unix id creator of the
default idmap configuration is also used as the source of unix ids
for the group mapping database and for the posix attributes in a
ldapsam:editposix setup.

As part of the changes, the default idmap configuration has been
changed to be more coherent with the per-domain configuration.
The parameters "idmap uid", "idmap gid" and "idmap range" are now
deprecated in favour of the systematic "idmap config * : range"
and "idmap config * : backend" parameters. The reason for this change
is that the old options only provided an incomplete and hence deceiving
backwards compatibility, which was a source of many problems with
upgrades. By introducing this change in configuration, it should be
brought to the conciousness of the users that even the simple
id mapping is not working exactly as in Samba 3.0 versions any more.


Endpoint Mapper
---------------

As Microsoft is more and more relying on endpoint mapper and we didn't have a
complete implementation we decided to create an instance for Samba. The
endpoint mapper is like a DNS server but for ports. If you want to talk to a
certain RPC service over TCP/IP, you just ask the endpoint mapper on which
port it is running. Then you can connect to the service and make sure that it
is running.

The code is deactivated by default, because it needs more testing and it
doesn't scale yet. If you want to enable and test the endpoint mapper
you can set "rpc_server:epmapper = daemon" in the smb.conf file.


Internal restructuring
----------------------

Ongoing internal restructuring for better separation of internal subsystem to
achieve a faster build, smaller binaries and cleaner dependencies for the samba3
waf build.


SMB Traffic Analyzer
--------------------

Added the new SMB Traffic Analyzer (SMBTA) VFS module protocol 2
featuring encryption, multiple arguments, and easier parseability. A new
tool 'smbta-util' has been created to control the encryption behaviour
of SMBTA. For compatibility, SMBTA by default operates on version 1.
There are programs consuming the data that the module sends.

More information can be found on
http://holger123.wordpress.com/smb-traffic-analyzer/


NFS quota backend on Linux
--------------------------

A new nfs quota backend for Linux has been added that is based
on the existing Solaris/FreeBSD implementation. This allows samba
to communicate correct diskfree information for nfs imports that
are re-exported as samba shares.


######################################################################
Changes
#######

smb.conf changes
----------------

   Parameter Name                      Description     Default
   --------------                      -----------     -------

   async smb echo handler	       New	       No
   client ntlmv2 auth		       Changed Default Yes
   client use spnego principal	       New	       No
   ctdb locktime warn threshold	       New	       0
   idmap alloc backend		       Removed
   log writeable files on exit	       New	       No
   multicast dns register	       New	       Yes
   ncalrpc dir			       New
   send spnego principal	       New	       No
   smb2 max credits		       New	       128
   smb2 max read		       New	       1048576
   smb2 max trans		       New	       1048576
   smb2 max write		       New	       1048576
   username map cache time	       New	       0
   winbind max clients		       New	       200

   The variable substitutions for %i and %I no longer
   use IPv4 addresses mapped to IPv6, e.g. '::ffff:192.168.0.1',
   if the host has IPv6 enabled. Now %i and %I contain just
   '192.168.0.1'.

Commit Highlights
-----------------

o   Michael Adam <obnox@samba.org>
    * ID Mapping changes.


o   Jeremy Allison <jra@samba.org>
    * Implement SMB2 support.


o   Stefan Metzmacher <metze@samba.org>
    * Implement SMB2 support.


o   Andreas Schneider <asn@samba.org>
    * Add an Endpoint Mapper daemon.


Changes since 3.6.0rc3
----------------------

o   Michael Adam <obnox@samba.org>
    * BUG 8327: Fix the reload of the configuration, also reload activated
      registry shares.
    * BUG 8328: Cleanup of idmap_tdb2 code.


o   Jeremy Allison <jra@samba.org>
    * BUG 7462: Make SA_RESETHAND conditional on its existance.
    * BUG 8324: smbclient cannot list directories from a big-endian machine.
    * BUG 8335: File copy aborts with smb2_validate_message_id: bad message_id.


o   Christian Ambach <ambi@samba.org>
    * BUG 8330: Fix NFSv4 ACL merging logic.


o   Andrew Bartlett <abartlet@samba.org>
    * BUG 8326: WinXP cannot join a Samba3 domain with a 'even' hostname.


o   Björn Baumbach <bb@sernet.de>
    * BUG 8303: db_ctdb_send_schedule_for_deletion() is not defined.


o   Alban Browaeys <prahal@yahoo.com>
    * BUG 8341: Fix segfault in libsmbclient.


o   Björn Jacke <bj@sernet.de>
    * BUG 8362: Fix build issue on old glibc systems.


o   Volker Lendecke <vlendec@samba.org>
    * BUG 8343: Fix SMB2 crash reading with aio_fork beyond the end of file.


o   Stefan Metzmacher <metze@samba.org>
    * BUG 8347: Fix regression for HP-UX, AIX and OSF.
    * BUG 8357: Make sure we grant credits on async read/write operations.
    * BUG 8358: Fix a bug in run_poll_events().


Changes since 3.6.0rc2
----------------------

o   Michael Adam <obnox@samba.org>
    * BUG 8213: Fixes in idmap_autorid.
    * BUG 8217: Do not stat-check the share path in 'net conf addshare'.
    * BUG 8281: Fix build of examples/VFS/*.


o   Jeremy Allison <jra@samba.org>
    * BUG 8083: Fix "inherit owner = yes" with vfs_acl_xattr or vfs_acl_tdb
      module.
    * BUG 8211: Fix "inherit owner = yes" when "inherit permissions = yes"
      is set.
    * BUG 8219: Fix SMB Panic from Windows 7 client.
    * BUG 8254: Fix "acl check permissions = no".
    * BUG 8293: Fix log file rotating in SMB2.
    * BUG 8304: Fix uninitialized variable in error path.
    * BUG 8307: brl_close_fnum does not call SMB_VFS_BRL_UNLOCK_WINDOWS on all
      locks.
    * BUG 8310: toupper_ascii() is broken on big-endian systems.
    * BUG 8314: Fix smbd crash with unknown user.


o   Christian Ambach <ambi@samba.org>
    * BUG 8231: Fix crash bug in 'net cache get'.
    * BUG 8244: Fix copying files larger than 2 GB to a Samba share.
    * BUG 8263: Fix build with --with-fake-kaserver or --with-vfs-afsacl.
    * BUG 8278: Fix smbd panic when CTDB is unhealthy.
    * BUG 8286: Fix smbd crash on premature end of smb2 conn.


o   Andrew Bartlett <abartlet@samba.org>
    * BUG 8230: Move .nmbd socket directory to non-hidden name PREFIX/var/nmbd.
    * Mark 'time offset' parameter as deprecated.


o   Gregor Beck <gbeck@sernet.de>
    * BUG 8193: Add new command 'enumerate_recursive'.
    * BUG 8253: Fix Winbind panic if verify_idpool() fails.


o   Kai Blin <kai@samba.org>
    * BUG 8289: Fix possible XSS attack (CVE-2011-2694).
    * BUG 8290: Fix Cross-Site Request Forgery in SWAT (CVE-2011-2522).


o   Günther Deschner <gd@samba.org>
    * BUG 7888: Deal with buggy 3.0 based PDCs.
    * BUG 8214: Fix smbd crash on printer driver upgrade.
    * BUG 8235: Fix smbd crash on startup caused by migrate_printer().


o   Björn Jacke <bj@sernet.de>
    * BUG 8262: Fix build of vfs_commit.


o   Günter Kukkukk <linux@kukkukk.com>
    * BUG 8305: Fix segfault in nmbd when using 'smbtree ...'..


o   Volker Lendecke <vl@samba.org>
    * BUG 7841: Explicitly pass domain_sid to wbint_LookupRids().
    * BUG 8102: Do not allow to change file ACLs from normal domusers.
    * BUG 8247: Fix Coverity ID 2582: FORWARD_NULL.


o   Herb Lewis <hlewis@panasas.com>
    * BUG 8216: Make Winbind returning correct results with 'sids2xids'.


o   Stefan Metzmacher <metze@samba.org>
    * BUG 8102: Do not allow to change file ACLs from normal domusers.
    * BUG 8195: Make rpc client code working against NT4 servers.
    * BUG 8224: Fix the build on FreeBSD.
    * BUG 8226: Use c99 initializers which are supported by old gcc 2.95
      compilers.
    * BUG 8260: Fix DCERPC responses with fragments larger than 1024 bytes.
    * BUG 8264: Fix Valgrind bugs in svcctl.
    * BUG 8276: Close all sockets attached to a subnet in close_subnet().
    * BUG 8292: Fix a major architectural flaw in the SMB2 server code.


o   Andreas Schneider <asn@samba.org>
    * BUG 8215: Fix Winbind unix username lookup.
    * BUG 8240: Fix Valgrind warnings in winreg/spoolss code.


Changee since 3.6.0rc1
----------------------

o   Michael Adam <obnox@samba.org>
    * BUG 8200: Add support for multiple writeable ldap idmap domains.


o   Jeremy Allison <jra@samba.org>
    * BUG 6911: Fix Kerberos authentication from Vista to Samba.
    * BUG 7054: Fix X account flag when "pwdlastset" is "0".
    * BUG 8133: Fix strange behavior for the file (whose filename first
      character is period ) in SMB2 case.
    * BUG 8144: Fix setting timestamp when touching files with CIFS clients.
    * BUG 8150: Ban "dos charset = utf8".
    * BUG 8153: Fix setting up getaddrinfo on IPv6-only machines.
    * BUG 8156: Fix 'net ads join' using the user's Kerberos ticket.
    * BUG 8157: Fix parsing a cups printcap file.
    * BUG 8163: Fix our asn.1 parser to handle negative numbers.
    * BUG 8175: Fix smbd deadlock.
    * BUG 8191: Split the ACE flag mapping between nfs4 and Windows into two
      separate functions.
    * BUG 8197: Winbind does not properly detect when a DC connection is dead.
    * BUG 8203: Winbind needs to reset the DC connection if an RPC times out.


o   Christian Ambach <ambi@samba.org>
    * BUG 8152: Fix smbd crash in release_ip().


o   Andrew Bartlett <abartlet@samba.org>
    * BUG 8151: Deprecate security parameters.


o   Gregor Beck <gbeck@sernet.de>
    * BUG 8191: nfs4_acls: Pass ACE_FLAG_INHERITED_ACE up to the client/down
      from the client.
    * BUG 8192: Fix parsing of multiple flags in 'smbcacls'.


o   Sumit Bose <sbose@redhat.com>
    * BUG 8142: Fix typos in LDAP schema files.


o   Holger Hetterich <hhetter@novell.com>
    * BUG 8148: Default to protocol version 2 for SMB Traffic Analyzer.
    * BUG 8154: Actually make use of SMBTA subversion numbers.


o   Björn Jacke <bj@sernet.de>
    * BUG 7998: Remove warning if IOV_MAX is not defined.


o   Jim McDonough <jmcd@samba.org>
    * BUG 8166: Don't lockout users when offline.


o   Stefan Metzmacher <metze@samba.org>
    * BUG 8140: talloc: Fix Valgrind false positives and other backports.
    * BUG 8141: Fix wrong permissions on lp_ncalrpc_dir().


o   Andreas Schneider <asn@samba.org>
    * BUG 8155: Fix registering only named pipes on EPM for a service.


o   Volker Lendecke <vl@samba.org>
    * BUG 8159: Fix memory corruption in fetching cli->server_domain from the
      server.
    * BUG 8185: "security=server" does not obey guest login field.
    * BUG 8189: Support shadow copy display over SMB2.
    * BUG 8199: Fix potential crash in smbd handling smb2.


o   Samuel Thibault <sthibault@debian.org>
    * BUG 7998: Fix build on Hurd.


Changes since 3.6.0pre3
-----------------------

o   Jeremy Allison <jra@samba.org>
    * BUG 8111: CIFS VFS: Fix unexpected error on SMB posix open.
    * BUG 8112: POSIX extension opens of a directory are denied with EISDIR.
    * Remove fstrings from client struct.
    * BUGFIX when converting from safe_strcpy to strlcpy.
    * Fix off-by-one calculations with strlcpy.
    * Ensure we always write the correct incoming mid into the share mode table
      entries.
    * Fix the SMB2 oplock showstopper.


o   Christian Ambach <christian.ambach@de.ibm.com>
    * Convert user-specified domain to uppercase in libsmb.


o   Günther Deschner <gd@samba.org>
    * BUG 8132: Fix filling printers location field when using cups.
    * Fix Coverity CID #2302: FORWARD_NULL.
    * Fix cups_pull_comment_location().
    * Fix double free of cups request.
    * Make cups_pull_comment_location() work again.
    * Fix potential crash bug in display_print_driver3().


o   Volker Lendecke <vl@samba.org>
    * Properly clean up in pthreadpool_init in case of failure.
    * Make plaintext session setup async.
    * Reduce fd load in Winbind children.
    * Avoid a potential 100% CPU loop in Winbind.
    * Tune broadcast namequeries for unique names.
    * Properly deal with exited winbind children.
    * Fix dup_smb2_vec3.
    * Fix return check in nss_wins.


Changes since 3.6.0pre2
-----------------------

o   Michael Adam <obnox@samba.org>
    * Fix build of tdb2.


o   Jeremy Allison <jra@samba.org>
    * BUG 8083: "inherit owner = yes" doesn't interact correctly with
      vfs_acl_xattr or vfs_acl_tdb module.
    * BUG 8088: rpccli_samr_chng_pswd_auth_crap segfaults if any input blobs
      are null.
    * Correctly detect and deny symlinks anywhere in a path (not just the last
      component) if "follow symlinks = no".


o   Günther Deschner <gd@samba.org>
    * BUG 8106: Fix the build of 'smbget' on HP NonStop.
    * Fix timeout in rpc_pipe_open_tcp_port().
    * Fix the build of "--with-profiling-data".
    * Fix the AIX 5.3 build.


o   Sergey Korsak <skif@1plus1.net>
    * BUG #8099: setpwent() actually does endpwent() and vice versa on FreeBSD.


o   Volker Lendecke <vl@samba.org>
    * BUG 8066: Fix wrong output in 'smbget'.
    * Fix Coverity IDs 986, 1340, 2047, 2299, 2307, 2325, 2335, 2336, 2470,
      2471, 2478.
    * nsswitch: Add 'wbinfo --lookup-sids'.
    * nsswitch: Add 'wbinfo --sids-to-unix-ids'.
    * Fix smbd with the async echo responder.
    * Fix the build of vfs_gpfs.c.
    * Add a 10-second timeout for the 445 or netbios connection to a DC.
    * Many pthreadpool fixes.


o   Stefan Metzmacher <metze@samba.org>
    * BUG 7383: Listen on IPv6 addresses with IPV6_ONLY.


o   Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
    * Fix transaction recovery area for converted tdbs.



Changes since 3.6.0pre1
-----------------------

o   Michael Adam <obnox@samba.org>
    * ID Mapping changes.
    * Add "--option" to 'testparm'.


o   Jeremy Allison <jra@samba.org>
    * BUG 7080: Quota only shown when logged as root.
    * BUG 7863: Unlink may unlink wrong file when hardlinks are involved.
    * BUG 7996: Sgid bit lost on folder rename.
    * BUG 8040: Fix smbclient segfault with Cyrillic netbios names.
    * Fix crash bug on smbd shutdown when using FOPENDIR().
    * Ensure we don't return an incorrect access mask.
    * Fix bug against the new Mac client.
    * Fix leak in error path.
    * Fix error where Windows client spoolss returns WERR_INVALID_DATA.


o   Christian Ambach <christian.ambach@de.ibm.com>
    * Fix a segfault in the krb5 locator plugin.
    * Enable sharesec for registry shares.


o   Andrew Bartlett <abartlet@samba.org>
    * Fix memory leak in "security=share" and "force user".


o   Björn Baumbach <bb@sernet.de>
    * BUG 7875: Fix 'nmbd --port'.
    * BUG 7880: cmd_spoolss_deletedriver() returned without checking all
      architectures.


o   Gregor Beck <gbeck@sernet.de>
    * Add new 'net idmap check' command.
    * Add new 'net idmap delete' command.
    * Fix segfault on missing input file in 'net idmap restore'.


o   Olly Betts <olly@survex.com>
    * Fix 'net usersidlist' not to skip every other user.


o   Günther Deschner <gd@samba.org>
    * BUG 7690: Retry DNS updates when connection to one nameserver has failed.
    * BUG 7945: Let winbind try to use samlogon validation level 6.
    * Fix Coverity ID 2041.
    * Fix potential crash bug in spoolss_PrinterEnumValues push path.
    * Internal restructuring.
    * Don't wipe out all printer drivers when only one should be deleted.
    * Fix winbindd_dual_pam_auth_samlogon() for NT4 domains.


o   David Disseldorp <ddiss@suse.de>
    * BUG 7915: Fix cups pcap reload with no printers.
    * BUG 8040: Fix smbclient segfault with Cyrillic netbios names.
    * Fix memory leak in print_cups.c.
    * Remove duplicate cups response processing code.
    * Follow force user/group for driver IO.
    * Initiate pcap reload from parent smbd.
    * Reload shares after pcap cache fill.


o   Björn Jacke <bj@sernet.de>
    * BUG 8033: Add explicit configure option whether or not to enable dmapi
      support.


o   Volker Lendecke <vl@samba.org>
    * BUG 7917: Fix bug in chain_reply.
    * BUG 7940: Fall back for utimes calls.
    * BUG 8009: Fix getting username in 'net rap session'.
    * BUG 8010: Use jenkins hash for str_checksum.
    * BUG 8042: Fix file creation on OS/X.
    * Fix numerous Coverity IDs.
    * Fix a memory leak in check_sam_security_info3.
    * Fix a segfault in the nss wrapper when libnss_winbind.so is not loadable.
    * Make "net sam list [users|workstations]" list only the right things.
    * Fix a potential memleak in secrets_fetch_trusted_domain_password.
    * Use the right credentials in check_netlogond_security.
    * Add support for AF_NETLINK addr notifications.
    * Fork multiple Winbind children per domain.
    * Fix a deadlock between smbd and ctdbd.
    * Add 'wbinfo --dc-info'.
    * Make "nmbd socket dir" configurable.
    * Fix a valgrind error.
    * Fix a memleak in receive_getdc_response.


o   Nikolay Martynov <mar.kolya@gmail.com>
    * BUG 8010: Fix inode generation so nautilus can count total dir size
      correctly.


o   Stefan Metzmacher <metze@samba.org>
    * BUG 7567: Fix printing from Windows 7.
    * BUG 7899: Don't return "-1" on success in 'net rpc vampire keytab'.
    * BUG 7944: Catch lookup_names/sids schannel errors over ncacn_ip_tcp.
    * Don't grant SEC_STD_DELETE always to the owner of a file.
    * Fix segfaults on addrchange errors in Winbind.
    * Allow machine accounts as members in groupdb.


o   Jonathan Nieder <jrnieder@gmail.com>
    * BUG 6837: Make "rlimit_max below minimum Windows limit" notification less
      scary.


o   Andreas Schneider <asn@samba.org>
    * Add an Endpoint Mapper daemon.
    * Add IPv6 support for the endpoint mapper.
    * Free unused memory in the rpc server.
    * Fix possible segfaults in svcctl server.
    * Fix possible segfault with client_id in rpc server.
    * Add a 'svcctl shutdown' function to rpc server.
    * Fix a resource leak in net_afs.
    * Fix a resource leak in smbta-util.
    * Fix possible resource leak in net_usershare.
    * Fix possible resource leak in 'smbget'.
    * Fix possible resource leak in 'smbfilter'.
    * Fix a possible null pointer dereference in smbd.


o   Pavel Shilovsky <piastry@etersoft.ru>
    * BUG 7928: Fix problems with "kernel oplocks" option set to "no".
    * Ensure we send the direct levelII oplock break to the correct fid.


o   Simo Sorce <idra@samba.org>
    * Fix private libdir and codepages paths.


o   Andrew Tridgell <tridge@samba.org>
    * Fix a valgrind error.


######################################################################
Reporting bugs & Development Discussion
#######################################

Please discuss this release on the samba-technical mailing list or by
joining the #samba-technical IRC channel on irc.freenode.net.

If you do report problems then please try to send high quality
feedback. If you don't provide vital information to help us track down
the problem then you will probably be ignored.  All bug reports should
be filed under the Samba 3.6 product in the project's Bugzilla
database (https://bugzilla.samba.org/).


======================================================================
== Our Code, Our Bugs, Our Responsibility.
== The Samba Team
======================================================================


================
Download Details
================

The uncompressed tarballs and patch files have been signed
using GnuPG (ID 6568B7EA).  The source code can be downloaded
from:

        http://download.samba.org/samba/ftp/stable

The release notes are available online at:

        http://www.samba.org/samba/history/samba-3.6.0.html

Binary packages will be made available on a volunteer basis from

        http://download.samba.org/samba/ftp/Binary_Packages/

Our Code, Our Bugs, Our Responsibility.
(https://bugzilla.samba.org/)

ImageMagick Advanced Unix Installation

It's possible you don't want to concern yourself with advanced installation under Unix or Linux systems. If so, you also have the option of installing a pre-compiled binary release or if you still want to install from source without all the fuss see the simple Install From Source instructions. However, if you want to customize the configuration and installation of ImageMagick under Unix or Linux systems, lets begin.

Download & Unpack

ImageMagick builds on a variety of Unix and Unix-like operating systems including Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, Mac OS X, and others. A compiler is required and fortunately almost all modern Unix systems have one. Download ImageMagick.tar.gz from ftp.imagemagick.org or its mirrors and verify the distribution against its message digest.
Unpack the distribution it with this command:

$magick> tar xvfz ImageMagick.tar.gz

Now that you have the ImageMagick Unix/Linux source distribution unpacked, let's configure it.

Configure

The configure script looks at your environment and decides what it can cobble together to get ImageMagick compiled and installed on your system. This includes finding a compiler, where your compiler header files are located (e.g. stdlib.h), and if any delegate libraries are available for ImageMagick to use (e.g. JPEG, PNG, TIFF, etc.). If you are willing to accept configure's default options, and build from within the source directory, you can simply type:

$magick> cd ImageMagick-6.6.8-0 
$magick> ./configure

Watch the configure script output to verify that it finds everything that you think it should. Pay particular attention to the last lines of the script output. For example, here is a recent report from our system:

ImageMagick is configured as follows. Please verify that this configuration
matches your expectations.

Host system type: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
Build system type: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu

                  Option                     Value
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shared libraries  --enable-shared=yes  yes
Static libraries  --enable-static=yes  yes
Module support    --with-modules=yes  yes
GNU ld            --with-gnu-ld=yes  yes
Quantum depth     --with-quantum-depth=16 16
High Dynamic Range Imagery
                  --enable-hdri=no  no

Delegate Configuration:
BZLIB             --with-bzlib=yes  yes
Autotrace         --with-autotrace=yes yes
DJVU              --with-djvu=yes  no
DPS               --with-dps=yes  no
FlashPIX          --with-fpx=yes  no
FontConfig        --with-fontconfig=yes yes
FreeType          --with-freetype=yes  yes
GhostPCL          None   pcl6 (unknown)
GhostXPS          None   gxps (unknown)
Ghostscript       None   gs (8.63)
result_ghostscript_font_dir='none'
Ghostscript fonts --with-gs-font-dir=default
Ghostscript lib   --with-gslib=yes  no (failed tests)
Graphviz          --with-gvc=yes  yes
JBIG              --with-jbig=  no
JPEG v1           --with-jpeg=yes  yes
JPEG-2000         --with-jp2=yes  yes
LCMS              --with-lcms=yes  yes
LQR               --with-lqr=yes  no
Magick++          --with-magick-plus-plus=yes yes
OpenEXR           --with-openexr=yes  yes
PERL              --with-perl=yes  /usr/bin/perl
PNG               --with-png=yes  yes
RSVG              --with-rsvg=yes  yes
TIFF              --with-tiff=yes  yes
result_windows_font_dir='none'
Windows fonts     --with-windows-font-dir=
WMF               --with-wmf=yes  yes
X11               --with-x=   yes
XML               --with-xml=yes  yes
ZLIB              --with-zlib=yes  yes

X11 Configuration:
      X_CFLAGS        =
      X_PRE_LIBS      = -lSM -lICE
      X_LIBS          =
      X_EXTRA_LIBS    =

Options used to compile and link:
  PREFIX          = /usr/local
  EXEC-PREFIX     = /usr/local
  VERSION         = 6.4.8
  CC              = gcc -std=gnu99
  CFLAGS          = -fopenmp -g -O2 -Wall -W -pthread
  MAGICK_CFLAGS   = -fopenmp -g -O2 -Wall -W -pthread
  CPPFLAGS        = -I/usr/local/include/ImageMagick
  PCFLAGS         = -fopenmp
  DEFS            = -DHAVE_CONFIG_H
  LDFLAGS         = -lfreetype
  MAGICK_LDFLAGS  = -L/usr/local/lib -lfreetype
  LIBS            = -lMagickCore -llcms -ltiff -lfreetype -ljpeg -lfontconfig -lXext
                    -lSM -lICE -lX11 -lXt -lbz2 -lz -lm -lgomp -lpthread -lltdl
  CXX             = g++
  CXXFLAGS        = -g -O2 -Wall -W -pthread

You can influence choice of compiler, compilation flags, or libraries of the configure script by setting initial values for variables in the configure command line. These include, among others:

CC

Name of C compiler (e.g. cc -Xa) to use.

CXX

Name of C++ compiler to use (e.g. CC).

CFLAGS

Compiler flags (e.g. -g -O2) to compile C code.

CXXFLAGS

Compiler flags (e.g. -g -O2) to compile C++ code.

CPPFLAGS

Include paths (.e.g. -I/usr/local) to look for header files.

LDFLAGS

Library paths (.e.g. -L/usr/local) to look for libraries systems that support the notion of a library run-path may require an additional argument in order to find shared libraries at run time. For example, the Solaris linker requires an argument of the form -R/path. Some Linux systems will work with -rpath /usr/local/lib, while some other Linux systems who's gcc does not pass -rpath to the linker, require an argument of the form -Wl,-rpath,/usr/local/lib.

LIBS

Extra libraries (.e.g. -l/usr/local/lib) required to link.

 

 

 

 

Linux / UNIX: Bash Script Sleep or Delay a Specified Amount of Time

How do I pause for 5 seconds or 2 minutes in my bash shell script?

You need to use the sleep command to add delay for a specified amount of time. The syntax is as follows:

 
sleep NUMBER[SUFFIX]

Where SUFFIX may be:

1. s for seconds (the default)
2. m for minutes.
3. h for hours.
4. d for days.

To sleep for 5 seconds, use:

sleep 5

To sleep for 2 mintus, use:

sleep 2m

sleep Command Bash Script Example

  #!/bin/bash  
echo "Hi, I'm sleeping for 5 seconds..."  
sleep 5
echo "all Done."

CONNX Adds 64 Bit ODBC and JDBC Support for UNIX Platforms

CONNX Solutions, Inc. announces the release of CONNX version 11, service pack 2. This release includes performance enhancements, improved functionality with Oracle databases and the addition of 64 bit UNIX ODBC and JDBC support to their enterprise data integration and ETL product suite.

CONNX Solutions, Inc., a leading provider of simplified data access, management and integration software solutions, announces the release of CONNX 11 SP2, which is available today for demonstration, evaluation and purchase. This product introduces 64 bit ODBC and JDBC support for Linux, AIX, Solaris, and HPUX on both the RISC and Itanium platforms. This extended 64 bit support enables data access from custom or packaged 64bit applications on UNIX platforms. Additionally, SP2 takes advantage of the most recent Oracle OCI technology, resulting in faster performance overall when accessing Oracle data and enables the development of custom Oracle data types.

"SP2 is a result of incorporating our customer feedback from release 11 and the increasing demand for 64 bit support needed in the market place today", says Larry McGhaw, CTO & VP of Development at CONNX Solutions, Inc.

"We believe this new technology will bring unmatched performance to our customers engaged in enterprise wide integration and replication projects. Our existing clients using Oracle will benefit immediately by an up to 2x speed improvement. Benchmarks to date show the superiority of CONNX in the market and why the CONNX Distributed SQL Engine is so unique", said Shirley McKinney, Director of Business Development at CONNX Solutions, Inc.

Enhanced Integration features presented in CONNX 11 SP2

•   32bit/64bit Data bridge
•   Distributed SQL Engine
•   MetaData Management.
•   ETL and Change Data Capture
•   Comprehensive Database Driver Suite

"We are continuing to improve and enhance the functionality of our product offerings at CONNX Solutions. This allows our customers to keep their initial development and future maintenance costs lower while still being able to take advantage of the ever changing technology that is required to remain competitive," stated Douglas D. Wright, President and CEO of CONNX Solutions, Inc.

CONNX 11 SP2 is currently available for purchase. Contact CONNX Solutions at 888-882-6669 for pricing information.

About CONNX Solutions, Inc.

CONNX Solutions, Inc. is a leading provider of SQL data access, integration and replication software solutions. CONNX DataSync Transformation Server, an ETL solution that leverages the core CONNX data access technology, enables companies to seamlessly extract, transform and load relational and non-relational data throughout the enterprise.

CONNX Solutions' products have been implemented by over 3,000 organizations worldwide. Government and business entities use CONNX in a wide range of industries, including manufacturing, education, health care, financial services, telecommunications, aerospace, and information technology. CONNX Solutions' technology partners include HP, IBM, Oracle, Microsoft and SoftwareAG.

For specific features of CONNX 11 SP2, visit http://www.connx.com/products/connx11sp2.html

What are the disadvantages of UNIX?

There will advantages and disadvantages for anything in this world; either it is a safety pin or cryogenic engine. What makes a costly rocket to crash which was made by hundreds of scientists taking many months or years? Any minor loophole in the development of the system might have resulted in the crash.

Likewise, there are thousands of software programs which have mushroomed over the years for several purposes and a large number of them are trouble prone. Consideration for purchasing or installing a program should be totally based on the performance rather than other considerations such as cheaper one available in the market.

As you know, UNIX as an operating system is arguably very good while comparing with other products in the market for its stability and perfect functions and capacity to run multiple programs, freeware status, the first operating system in C program, its portability, etc. There are lot of disadvantages also for UNIX.
While discussing the disadvantages experienced in the use of UNIX systems, one of the main complaint against it is that its traditional interface is command line based, means a layman cannot use it. On the other words, it is a program developed for the user of experienced programmers and expert computer users only.

Even though a Graphical User Interface (GUI) is available, the traditional interface is command line only.
Second disadvantage is its special commands, means many commands in the Unix interface require the use of special characters. Even minor mistakes or typographical errors will create troubles on Unix machines because its command line interface make use of cryptic naming schemes and not offering much suggestions to the user.

Another disadvantage is that it is not a simple operating system even though it looks attractiveness to the beginners in terms of its features and utilities. Some people find them very attractive and for some it will be a very tough proposition.

By any means, UNIX is considered above all other operating systems by many people and preferred by web hosting companies for its better side.

In order to find out more on Colocation Hosting Datacenters Features and similar website and webmaster related guides, check out Web Hosting Fan.

Dedicated Server Hosting

Dedicated Server hosting are designed to host resource-thorough websites or mission-critical applications that have outgrown shared hosting. The dedicated servers also referred to as dedicated hosting. A dedicated server is a dominant computer that is used exclusively as a network server; a single computer in a network kept for network needs.

Dedicated servers host only your website. It means that all of the space and bandwidth on the server is yours and yours alone and you do not have to share hosting with other. In opposite The shared host server is a cheap way of hosting and it’s mostly for low traffic websites.

There are many reasons why we Dedicated Server hosting like:

Your own IP address: Dedicated server has its own unique IP address.

Custom Configuration: You can configure the server to your own solution and install your special software.

Performance: All your activities like memory, web spaces etc are on same server.

Security: You have your own access on your server which gives you the greater security.

Greater Reliability: You do not run the risk of the server being swamped with traffic, slowed down, or crashed by another site on a shared server.

Upgrade: You can upgrade your web space or memory on your server.

To get the best dedicated server hosting you need to store more or less. Make sure that you find a service provider that will give you excellence service. Dedicated Server hosting providers ranked by the best price-value ratio. Host consistency, bonus features, customer support, past and present user feedbacks, key features, uptime, user-friendliness and hosting awards have been taken into account as well.

Most significantly, you must carefully think whether or not your desires warrant the use of a whole host server. When accurately optimized, a powerful computer can offer the ability to comfortably contain the requirements of hundreds to thousands of websites.

Dedicatedserversmart.com provides the information about the dedicated server hosting companies and the information that guide you for Dedicated Server hosting or Server hosting company that is right for you. Trying to save on the hosting features and the value of the Server hosting services may cause serious troubles in future that may consequence in major losses for your business.

Is SCO's Unix business being sold to UnXis?

In an email, SCO  informed its partners that UnXis Inc. was chosen as the successful bidder for SCO's Unix software business on 26 January. The slightly convoluted phrasing is probably due to SCO's current reorganisation.  On 16 February, the transaction is to be submitted for approval to the bankruptcy court where SCO's case is pending.

The email also quotes Hans Bayer, SCO's Vice President Worldwide Sales, as saying that “We are delighted that after years of shifting targets, that under the UnXis ownership, we now will be prepared to create a truly customer driven, fully supported, open systems platform for high reliability enterprise computing”.



Apart from the aforementioned email, information about the deal is very scarce. The SCO home page contains a solitary link to the press release. The Groklaw web site has information about SCO and a company called UnXis Inc. from 2009. According to Groklaw, UnXis was incorporated in the US state of Delaware at the end of 2009. Whether this company is the UnXis Group in question is hard to tell. Also peculiar is that the obvious domain name, unxis.com, is for sale and that such potential alternatives as unxis-group.com or unxisgroup.com have not been registered at all – plenty of food for thought for conspiracy theorists.

SCO's Unix business includes the distribution and development of UnixWare and OpenServer as well as the support of these products. Last September, SCO announced its plans to auction off this business division. If the sale goes through, all the SCO Group will have left are its lawsuits against IBM and Red Hat about alleged copyright infringements in Linux and the hope that the most recent appeal against a final decision on the copyright to Unix, which SCO is fighting about with Novell, is successful.

Berkeley Heights man wins Japan Prize for inventing UNIX operating system

Dr.Dennis Ritchie

BERKELEY HEIGHTS — Forty years after they invented the UNIX computer operating system at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, Berkeley Heights resident Dr. Dennis Ritchie and Dr. Kenneth Thompson will receive the Japan Prize.
“I was surprised. I was not expecting this,” Ritchie said in a telephone interview. “It was so far back.”
He explained the two aspects he and Thompson worked on were based on an earlier language. “It did not come out of the blue,” he said. They modified a language that was initially developed at MIT, he said, which later became the C language.
The $600,000 award will be presented on April 20 in Tokyo to both scientists, who will divide it. Ritchie said Thompson flew to Japan for the announcement, but Ritchie sent his response by video from Bell Labs.
He plans to use his part of the proceeds to fly his siblings and spouses to Japan for the event. None of his siblings pursued engineering or science, he said. One brother is a retired superintendent of schools in the Boston area, another brother and his wife run a toy company in the Washington, DC area and he has a sister who has lived in England for many years.
Ritchie, 69, has lived in Berkeley Heights for 15 years. He was born in Bronxville, NY, grew up in Summit and attended Summit High School before going to Harvard University. While there, he attended a lecture on the concept of computers and became intrigued. He shifted his focus from physics to computer programming. He recalled seeing his first computer, which he described as “a big square cubicle box.” He was a graduate student in Applied Mathematics, with a 1968 doctoral thesis on subrecrusive hierarchies of functions. “I like procedural languages better than functional ones,” he has said.
Ritchie joined Bell Labs in 1967, where his father, Alistair E. Ritchie, spent his career. The elder Ritchie was co--author of “The Design of Switching Circuits,” with W. Keister and S. Washburn, an influential book that came out just before the transistor era. Asked if he could have envisioned the rapid technological changes today, Dennis Ritchie said, “I’m not a futurologist.” Ritchie retired from Bell Labs in 2007, but continues as an emeritus staff member.
He met Thompson while working at Bell Labs, now Alcatel-Lucent, in Murray Hill. Thompson, 67, who grew up in New Orleans, had already experimented with a language for personal computers, emphasizing simplicity. Together they developed the UNIX system which became so popular in part because it was distributed to universities and research institutions and became known as “open source” computing. Thompson now works with Google in California.
Both men received the U.S. National Medal of Technology Award from President Bill Clinton as well as numerous commendations for their work.
“Dennis and Ken changed the way people used, thought and learned about computers and computer science,” Jeong Kim, president of Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, said in a press release. He added the UNIX system and the C programming language have revolutionized computing and communications, making open systems possible.
The Japan Prize was established in 1985 to honor achievements in science and technology.

Oracle Audit and Security UNIX Password

ElcomSoft, a leader in password recovery, has added the words Oracle and UNIX passwords to Elcomsoft Distributed Password Recovery v. 2.10.

weak password on an Oracle or UNIX / Linux can compromise the entire network. The latest version of the application of Windows Password Recovery ElcomSoft allows system administrators to regularly check all passwords on the network, including passwords, Oracle and UNIX, to ensure they are consistent with policies Enterprise Security. By loading widely available Oracle and UNIX system hashes into the application, administrators can identify weak passwords, and make the appropriate corrections.

The software also gives administrators a comprehensive solution for recovering passwords for files and systems when employees forget their Windows passwords, Oracle, or UNIX, or when they deliberately modify the words passes in an attempt to sabotage their companies.

For years, ElcomSoft’s family of products offers solutions for password recovery for Microsoft products, including Office 97/2000/XP/2003/2007 documents, Adobe Acrobat PDF files, PKCS # 12 certificates, LM / NTLM hashes used in Windows NT / password logon Windows 2000/XP/2003 PGP key private PGPDisk, PGP Whole Disk Encryption, Microsoft Money and OneNote, Intuit Quicken, Lotus Notes ID files, and MD5 hash.

Elcomsoft Distributed Password Recovery v. 2.10 now supports the tens of millions of UNIX users worldwide. All UNIX / Linux password hashing algorithms are supported, including Traditional DES, DES BSDi, Kerberos AFS DES, OpenBSD Blowfish, FreeBSD MD5, PHPass MD5, MD5, and Apache.

In addition, the software now supports millions of Oracle users. Oracle dominates the database management systems (RDBMS) market. According to figures published earlier this year by Gartner Inc., Oracle has a 47.1 per cent (and growing) market share of the RDBMS market, with 2006 revenues of U.S. dollars over seven billion dollars. ElcomSoft new Oracle software works with the old hash DES-based Oracle, and the new v11 SHA1 hash database.